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Protection of lake Ecological monitoring Natural and man-made objects Industrial units and centersData provided by the following organizations: Rosprirodnadzor Department for Irkutsk Oblast, Rosprirodnadzor Department for the Republic of Buryatia, Rosprirodnadzor department for Zabaikalsky Krai, Federal Agency for Water Resources, Yenisei Basin Department, Territorial Directorate for Irkutsk Oblast, Federal Agency for Water Resources, Amur Basin Department, Territorial Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Siberian Branch of Federal State Scientific and Industrial Enterprise “SibGeolFond”)
Central ecological zone
Industry in the CEZ is represented by enterprises of South-Baikal and North-Baikal industrial hubs. There are a total of 195 industrial, transport, utility, tourism and other enterprises in the CEZ, including 64 industrial enterprises. The area has 136 population centers with the total population of 129,000, including 66 communities in Irkutsk Oblast (population 56,200) and 70 communities in the Republic of Buryatia (population 72,800).
South-Baikal industrial hub. CEZ contains industrial enterprises in Slyudyanka and Irkutsk district, which pollute atmospheric air, water bodies and soil. These include: in Baikalsk – Baikal PPM, construction materials enterprises, utility companies; in Slyudyanka – construction materials enterprises, utility, transportation and communications companies. In Kultuk – meat-processing factory, motor transport enterprise, oil delivery terminal. In Listvyanka and Port Baikal – utility enterprises, a wharf with a parking lot on the Baikal shore.
Besides, vehicles, minor boiler houses and private houses with stove heating, as well as tourist activities affect the environment in all population centers.
Emissions. Enterprises located in the Southern part of the Baikal, within South-Baikal industrial hub, released 7,359 tons of pollutants into the air in 2012 (compared to 4,656 tons in 2011). This includes 5,486 tons in Baikalsk (3,002 tons in 2011) and 1,737 tons in Slyudyanka (1,567 tons in 2011).
Discharge. 39.12 million m3 of waste water was discharged to Lake Baikal in 2012 (27.9 million m3 in 2011, 14.973 million m3 in 2010, 4.675 million m3 in 2009, 29.15 million m3 in 2008 and 42.78 million m3 in 2007). Discharge volume is rising due to increased operation of BKZ-160-100 power-plant boilers and SRK-380 technological boilers at Baikal PPM, which increased production of unbleached pulp.
Information on the impact of utility companies on the environment of Lake Baikal is presented in sub-section 1.4.3 of this report.
Production waste. 784,225 tons of industrial and domestic waste was produced in 2012 (476,000 tons in 2011); of these, 20,739 tons were recycled and 60,246 tons were dumped to an authorized landfill. 703,977 tons of waste have been accumulated as of the end of 2012.
North-Baikal industrial hub. Main air pollution sources in North-Baikal industrial hub are concentrated in Severobaikalsk. These include transport enterprises and boiler houses.
1) Summary data on emissions, discharge and solid waste from all types of economic activity are presented.
Emissions. Monitoring of air quality in Severobaikalsk has not been performed.
Harmful emissions from stationary sources into the atmosphere amount to 2,631 tons (2,462 tons in 2011), including: solid substances – 765 tons, sulfur dioxide – 442 tons, carbon monoxide – 1,102 tons, nitrogen oxides – 292 tons, hydrocarbons (excluding VOC) – 2 tons, volatile organic compounds – 18 tons.
Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by enterprises producing, transmitting and distributing electricity, gas, steam and hot water – 95.1%, and transportation and communication enterprises – 3.8%.
2,714 tons of pollutants have been collected and decontaminated by the city enterprises; 3 tons were recycled. Collection rate stands at 54.45% for enterprises producing, transmitting and distributing electric energy, gas and water. Pollutant collection rate is relatively low – 37.74%.
18 legal entities provided statistic reports under Form 2-TP (air). Maximum allowed emission norms are established for all 18 enterprises; provisionally agreed emissions are not set. Emissions by stationary sources did not change substantially in the last five years (2008 – 2012).
Discharge. According to 2-TP statistics (water resources), the discharge of waste water to River Tiya in Severobaikalsk amounted to 1.1 million m3 in 2012 (1.1 million m3 in 2011, 1.9 million m3 in 2010, 1.42 million m3 in 2009, 1.41 million m3 in 2008 and 1.35 million m3 in 2007).
Production waste. A total of 161,500 tons of waste was produced in Severobaikalsk in 2012 (258,000 tons in 2011), of which 146,600 tons have been recycled, including previously accumulated amounts (reduction is caused by lower volume of repair works at Russian Railroads OJSC).
The total emissions from stationary sources at industrial enterprises located in central ecological zone of the BNA, both in South-Baikal and North-Baikal industrial hubs, amounted to 10,000 tons of pollutants in 2012 (7,200 tons in 2011). The total volume of waste waters in 2012 was 40.2 million m3 (vs. 29.0 million m3 in 2011). 945,700 tons of industrial and domestic waste were produced, including 161,500 tons produced in Buryatia (up from 734,000 in 2011).
Impact of industrial enterprises on the environment in the central ecological zone (South-Baikal and North-Baikal industrial hubs in 2007–2012
|
Name of indicator |
Numeric values of indicators by years |
Changes compared to 2011 | ||||||
|
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
tons |
% | |
|
Pollutant emissions, 000 tons |
11.0 |
10.9 |
6.3 |
6.5 |
7.2 |
10.0 |
2.8 |
39.0 |
|
Waste waters dumped to surface water bodies, million m3 |
48.1 |
31.7 |
6.0 |
16.9 |
29.0 |
40.2 |
11.2 |
38.6 |
|
Volume of waste produced, 000 tons |
358.0 |
348.5 |
506.9 |
531.2 |
734.0 |
945.7 |
211.7 |
28.8 |
Buffer conservation area of the BNA
Most of the industry in buffer conservation zone of Baikal Natural Area is represented by Ulan-Ude, Gusinoozersky and Nizhneselenginsk
The buffer conservation zone of the Baikal Natural Area occupies about 190,000 km2 in the Republic of Buryatia and 55,600 km2 in Zabaikalsky Krai. 85% of the population of Buryatia, along with its primary industrial (Ulan-Ude, Gusinoozersk, Kyahta, Selenginsk) and agricultural capacity, are concentrated here. This includes 89% of the total number of water users and almost all of Buryatia’s hydrotechnical infrastructure. The buffer conservation zone also spans three districts in Zabaikalsky Krai – Petrovsk-Zabaika
Ulan-Ude industrial hub. The main sources of pollution here are CHPP, railroad engine/car repair factory, airplane-buildin
Harmful emissions from stationary sources into the atmosphere in 2012 amount to 26,472 tons (28,264 tons in 2011), including: solid substances – 9,835 tons, sulfur dioxide – 7,176 tons, carbon monoxide – 5,351 tons, nitrogen oxides – 2,631 tons, hydrocarbons (excluding VOC) – 808 tons, volatile organic compounds – 675 tons.
Adverse condition of the atmosphere in the city is determined by high concentrations of pollutants: benzopyrene (average yearly concentration is 2.8 MAC, with peak concentration of 8.2 MAC), phenols (4 MAC), suspended solids (3.8 MAC), formaldehyde (1.9 MAC), carbon monoxyde (2.2 MAC), nitrogen dioxide (1.6 MAC). Compared to 2011, the average content of pollutants monitored in the air has not changed significantly.
Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by enterprises producing, transmitting and distributing electricity, gas, steam and hot water – 67.6%, and processing enterprises – 19.5%, including enterprises producing aircraft and other transport vehicles – 12.9%. Emissions are down 1.6% at enterprises producing and distributing electric energy, gas steam and water, due to reduced production volumes and respectively less fuel burned.
131,275 tons of pollutants have been trapped by the city enterprises, of these 1,673 tons were recycled. High pollutant collection rate – 87.6% – is shown by enterprises producing and distributing electricity, gas and water. The lowest rate – 0.1% – is shown by enterprises producing food. Maximum allowed emissions are established for 91 economic agent (including 84 legal entities and 7 individual entrepreneurs); provisionally agreed emissions have been established for three companies. Emissions by stationary sources were reduced by 11,430 tons (30.1%) over the last five years (2008 – 2012).
Monitoring of air pollution is performed on a permanent basis at three sites. Air pollution level in 2012 is high. A consolidated MAE volume for Ulan-Ude is not prepared.
Discharge. According to 2-TP (water resources) report data, a total of 27.7 million m3 of waste waters was discharged from Ulan-Ude enterprises in 2012 (30.2 million m3 in 2011). The reduction is due to lower output of industrial enterprises.
Solid waste.287,700 tons of industrial and domestic waste was produced in Ulan-Ude in 2012 (compared to 282,000 tons in 2011). According to Rosprirodnadzor order No. 828 of November 14, 2011, waste produced by economic agents producing less than 50 tons of waste a year had to be taken into account starting 2012.
65,400 tons of waste were utilized in 2012 (compared to 54,200 tons in 2011). The increase is explained by recycling of higher amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals at Ulan-Ude railroad engine/car repair factory, branch of ZhelDorRemMash OJSC. 484,200 tons were stored in waste disposal facilities, including earlier accumulated waste (452,300 tons in 2011), 50,300 tons were transferred to other organizations for storage and burial (73,800 tons in 2011). As of the end of 2012, enterprises in Ulan-Ude have accumulated 243,300 tons of waste (144,580 tons in 2011).
Gusinoozersky industrial hub. The main sources of pollution here are mining enterprises, GRES, construction industry enterprises, railroad and motor transport.
Emissions. Monitoring of air pollution is performed on a permanent basis at one site. Indicators monitored: suspended solids, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide. Average annual concentration of suspended solids is 2.0 MAC. The content of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air did not exceed MAC. Maximum one-off concentration of 3 ac for suspended solids, 1.8 MAC for nitrogen dioxide and 1.6 MAC for carbon monoxide were recorded.
Emissions of pollutants from stationary sources amounted to 33,160 tons (28,170 tons in 2011).
433,359 tons of pollutants were trapped by the city enterprises. The highest pollutant collection rate of 92.9% was registered at enterprises producing and distributing electricity, gas, steam and hot water. Increase in emissions by 5,000 tons (18%) compared to 2011 was caused by overall increase in production volumes and amount of fuel consumed.
30 enterprises submitted statistic reports under Form 2-TP (air). Maximum allowed emission norms are established for 20 enterprises; provisionally agreed emissions are not set.
Emissions by stationary sources increased by 670 tons (2.1%) over the last five years (2008 – 2012).
Discharge. According to 2-TP (water resources) statistics reports, the discharge of waste water by enterprises in Gusinoozersk to Lake Gusinoe (Gusinoozersk Vodokanal – branch of BaikalPribor-1, and Gusinoozerskaya GRES) amounted to 391.2 million m3 in 2012 (336.5 million m3 in 2011). The increased discharge of waste water is due to increased withdrawal of water resources as a result of increased production of electricity at Gusinoozerskaya GRES, a branch of Inter RAO – Electricity Generation OJSC.
Production waste. Enterprises located in Gusinoozersk have produced 444,453 tons of waste in 2012 (399,035 tons in 2011). Hazard class V waste from stripping rock (produced by Bain-Zurkhe Coal Company OJSC, BuryatUgol LLC) in 2012 are not included in the statistics on the total volume of waste produce in Gusinoozersk. Increased production of bottom-ash waste is due to increased a 10-million kWh increase in electricity output of Gusinoozerskaya GRES in 2012.
6,953,354 tons of waste was produced in Selenga district in 2012 (down from 9,694,046 tons in 2011). This reduction is due to transfer of waste from Bain-Zurkhe Coal Company LLC for use by Bain-Zurhke Coal Company OJSC – this waste is reported as accepted. 460,300 tons of waste were recycled (464,000 tons in 2011). 6,753 tons of household and household-simila
Nizhneselenginsk
Emissions. Emissions of pollutants from stationary sources in Selenginsk amounted to 2,600 tons in 2012 (2,730 tons in 2011).
Regular monitoring of air pollution is performed at two sites. Air pollution level has not changed substantially over the last five years, remaining very high in 2012.
Average annual concentrations were 4 MAC for benzopyrene, 3.2 MAC for formaldehyde, 1.6 MAC for suspended solids and 1.4 MAC for phenols. The content of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfates in the atmosphere was within MAC. A consolidated MAE volume for the town is not prepared. The main contributor to emissions in this population center is Selenga pulp-and-cardboa
Emissions at enterprises producing cellulose, wood pulp, paper, cardboard and related goods decreased by 130 tons in 2012, due to reduced production output. Emissions by stationary sources were reduced by 1,400 tons (35.0%) over the last five years (2008 – 2012).
A total of 31 enterprises submitted statistic reports under Form 2-TP (air). Maximum allowed emission norms are established for 24 enterprises; provisionally agreed emissions are set for one.
Discharge. Selenga PCM has a closed-loop water cycle, so no waste water is discharged. According to 2-TP (water resources) report data, a total of 1.26 million m3 of waste water was discharged from enterprises in Selenginsk and Kamensk townships in 2012 (1.29 million m3 in 2011).
Production waste. A total of 54,800 tons of waste were produced in Selenginsk in 2012 (57,000 tons in 2011); 4,492 tons were put in the landfill (4,492 tons in 2011).
A total of 858,390 tons of waste were produced in Kamensk in 2012 (vs. 221,323 tons in 2011).This sharp increase in 2012 is due to the development of a new quarry at Tarakanovskoe deposit. 102,374 tons were recycled, 197 tons were dumped in the township landfill. As of the end of 2012, a total of 3,420,000 tons of waste have been accumulated at enterprises in Kamensk.
Kyahta town. The main sources of air pollution are boiler houses and processing industry enterprises.
Emissions. Monitoring of air pollution is performed on a permanent basis at one site. Average annual concentration of suspended solids was 1.3 MAC; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide concentrations did not exceed MAC.
Emissions of pollutants from stationary sources amounted to 120 tons (688 tons in 2011). Compared to previous year, emissions from stationary sources are down by 560 tons.
Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by enterprises producing, transmitting and distributing electricity, gas and water – 63.3%. 451 tons of pollutants were trapped by the city enterprises. This represents a relatively low pollutant collection rate of 27.2%. Emissions by stationary sources are down by 5,050 tons (97.7%) over the last five years (2008 – 2012). 15 enterprises in Kyahta district have submitted form 2-TP (air) reports; 13 had maximum allowed emissions norms set. Provisionally allowed emission norms are not established.
Discharge. According to 2-TP (water resources) reports, the discharge of waste water by enterprises in Kyahta in 2012 was 1.1 million m3; reduction compared to 2011 (1.15 million m3) was due to Kyahta Branch of Slavyanka OJSC.
Production waste. 3,800 tons of waste were produced in Kyahta town and district in 2012 (2,000 tons in 2011); 2,900 tons were recycled (including earlier accumulated). Most of the waste recycled includes recyclable materials used in highway construction and repair performed by BuryatAvtoDor Federal State Unitary Enterprise. 8.1 tons were placed at an authorized dumping site (including domestic waste).
Bichursky district. 11,689,000 tons of waste were produced in Bichursky district in 2012 (up from 4,809,000 tons in 2011). The main source of industrial waste in the area is Ugolny Razrez LLC, which operates Okino-Klyuchevsk
Zabaikalsky Krai. Buffer conservation zone includes three complete districts in Zabaikalsky Krai (Petrovsk-Zabaik
The main sources of pollution in these districts are mining enterprises, utility companies, food and timber processing industry.
Harmful emissions from stationary sources into the atmosphere in Petrovsk-Zabaika
In Khiloksky district, emissions from stationary sources into the atmosphere in 2012 rose to 2,043 tons (from 1,876 tons in 2011), including: 914 tons of solid substances, 287 tons of sulfur dioxide and 729 tons of carbon monoxide.
In Krasnochikoisky district, emissions from stationary sources into the atmosphere in 2012 amounted to 704 tons (843 tons in 2011), including: 224 tons of solid substances, 134 tons of sulfur dioxide, 209 tons of carbon monoxide and 14 tons of nitrogen oxides.
Overall emissions from stationary sources in Zabaikalsky Krai, within buffer conservation zone, amounted to 7,122 tons in 2012, which is 650 tons below the 2011 level.
Discharge. The total discharge of polluted waste water by enterprises located in Zabaikalsky Krai, within buffer conservation zone, to surface water bodies amounted to 0.41 million m3 in 2012 (0.44 million in m3 in 2011).
Production waste. The total amount of solid waste produced in Zabaikalsky, Krasnochikoisky and Khiloksky districts in 2012 was 62,240,700 tons (59,121,000 tons in 2011). The amount of solid waste produced in 2012 increased by 3,119,000 tons – mainly due to increase in coal stripping and mining by Razrez Tugnuisky OJSC.
The total emissions by stationary sources at industrial enterprises within the buffer conservation area in 2012 amounted to 69,553 tons of pollutants (67,483 in 2011); the total discharge of waste water was 421.4 million m3 (371.6 million in 2011). Industrial and domestic waste production amounted to 82,532,200 tons (74,585,400 tons in 2011).
Indicators of impact on environment by industrial enterprises in the key industrial districts of buffer conservation zone of BNA in 2007 – 2012
|
Name of indicator |
Numeric values of indicators by years |
Changes compared to 2011 | ||||||
|
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
tons |
% | |
|
Pollutant emissions, 000 tons |
97.6 |
95.2 |
90.6 |
87.4 |
67.5 |
69.6 |
2.1 |
3.1 |
|
Waste waters dumped to surface water bodies, million m3 |
389.7 |
459.6 |
327.5 |
404.6 |
371.53 |
421.4 |
49.9 |
13.4 |
|
Volume of waste produced, 000 tons |
6,975.9 |
26,964.3 |
29,110.9 |
29,759.9 |
74,585.4 |
82,532.2 |
7,946.8 |
10.7 |
Ecological zone of weather effect – emissions
Due to absence of impact on the Lake Baikal ecosystem from waste water discharge and industrial/domes
Irkutsk City. Irkutsk City is home to enterprises in more than 25 sectors of the industry, including machine-building and metal working, construction materials, transportation, construction, etc.
Emissions from stationary sources amounted to 66,838 tons in 2012 (57,460 tons in 2011). Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by enterprises producing and distributing electricity, gas and water – 86.7%. Most pollutants were emitted to the atmosphere from IrkutskEnergo enterprises – 75.8%.
301,790 tons of pollutants have been trapped by the city enterprises, of these 4,340 tons were recycled. The average pollutant collection rate for the city is 81.9%. Higher-than-aver
Angarsk. Angarsk has numerous enterprises in fuel, chemical and petrochemical , machine-building and metal working, construction, utility, food and construction materials industries.
Emissions from stationary sources amounted to 266,921 tons in 2012 (181,328 tons in 2011). Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by the following enterprises: IrkutskEnergo OJSC – 70.7% of the city’s total emissions. 1,248,381 tons of pollutants have been trapped by the city’s enterprises, of these 274,630 tons were recycled. Higher-than-aver
Usolye-Sibirskoe
Emissions from stationary sources amounted to 28,200 tons in 2012 (20,385 tons in 2011). Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by IrkutskEnergo enterprises (98.1%).
130,610 tons of pollutants have been trapped by the enterprises in Usolye-Sibirskoe
Cheremkhovo Cheremkhovo is the venue of numerous machine-building and metal working enterprises, heat power industry, transportation, utility, construction and fuel industry enterprises.
Emissions from stationary sources amounted to 6,522 tons in 2012 (6,035 tons in 2011). Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by IrkutskEnergo enterprises (41.1%). 22,310 tons of pollutants have been trapped by enterprises in the city; 2,190 tons were recycled. The average pollutant collection rate for the city is 77.4%.
Shelekhov. The city has many non-ferrous industry, heat power industry, machine-building and metal working, construction materials and utility companies.
Emissions from stationary sources amounted to 35,686 tons in 2012 (34,802 tons in 2011). Key contribution to the atmospheric pollution from stationary sources is made by the following enterprises: Irkutsk Aluminum Factory (subsidiary of Rusal OJSC), IrkutskEnergo OJSC; their share in the city’s total emissions from stationary sources is 68.8% and 16.9%, respectively. 75,900 tons of pollutants were trapped by the city enterprises. Pollutant collection rate is 68.0%.
Industrial enterprises located within EZWE in Irkutsk Oblast released a total of 404,200 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere in 2012 (compared to 300,000 tons in 2011 and 339,500 tons in 2010).
Conclusions
1. Overall anthropogenic burden on the environment in the Baikal Natural Area from industrial enterprises located within BNA increased in 2012 (compared to 2011) in terms of emissions, discharge and solid waste.
Emissions from stationary sources are up 28.9% (from 375,400 tons in 2011 to 483,700 tons in 2012); waste water discharge increased by 15% (from 400.5 million m3 in 2011 to 461.5 million m3 in 2012); solid waste production increased by 11% (from 75,319,400 tons in 2011 to 83,477,900 tons in 2012) due to increased coal production in Buryatia and Zabaikalsky Krai.
2. Anthropogenic burden on the environment in central ecological zone increased because of Baikal pulp-and-paper mill, which increased production volumes. Stationary sources (industrial enterprises in South-Baikal and North-Baikal industrial hubs) released 10,000 tons of emissions into the atmosphere in 2012 (7,900 tons in 2011); the total discharge of waste water was 40.2 million m3 (29.0 million m3 in 2011); 974,100 tons of solid industrial and domestic waste was produced (734,000 tons in 2011).
3. Industrial enterprises located in the buffer conservation area released 69,600 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere in 2012 (compared to 67,500 tons in 2011). The total volume of waste waters in 2012 was 421.4 million m3 (vs. 371.6 million m3 in 2011). Increased volume of waste water discharge and atmospheric emissions is related to an increase in electric energy production at Gusinoozerskaya GRES – a branch of OGC-3 OJSC. 82,532,200 tons of industrial and domestic waste was produced in 2012 (compared to 74, 585,400 tons in 2011). The amount of solid waste produced increased by 7,946,800 tons – mainly due to increase in coal stripping and mining by Razrez Tugnuisky OJSC and Ugolny Razrez OJSC in the Republic of Buryatia.
4. Industrial enterprises located within EZWE in Irkutsk Oblast released 404,200 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere in 2012 (compared to 300,000 tons in 2011). The increase in emissions is due to increased production volumes, primarily at IrkutskEnergo OJSC central heating and power plants.
Recommendations
As part of Activity No. 5, “Measures for upgrading heat supply systems while moving to eco-friendly technologies in the territories of federal subjects of the Russian Federation located within the BNA” of the Federal Target Program “Protection of Lake Baikal and social and economic development of the BNA for 2012–2020” the burning processes need to be improved, technological equipment replaced, purification equipment installed at small boiler houses located in Slyudyanka, Listvyanka, Kultuk, Utulik, Elantsy, Turka township, Vydrino, Babushkin, Bolshaya Rechka, Posolskaya, Baikal township, and Kichera township.
Source: the Government report on the status of Lake Baikal and the measures for its protection in 2012 published by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation.
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Taking part in the Baikal Mile is a great way to test your limits of possibilities and feel the breath of nature in one of the most beautiful places on earth.
In 2024, the festival of ice sculptures on Lake Baikal is scheduled for the period from February 15 to 28. During these two weeks, the lake shore will turn into a real open-air museum, where everyone will be able to enjoy sculptural masterpieces created from ice.
The portal has been created for FSBI ”Informational and Analytical Center for Development of Water Bodies and Associated Properties” under the special program “Protection of Lake Baikal and Socio-Economic Development of the Baikal Natural Preserve for 2012-2020.”
